Managing Risk

Conceptual This examination is to present a recommendation that the CFO and I can chip away at together to develop into an approach that helps each Risk Management division. In this proposition we will build up a framework to assess undertaking and budgetary hazard. Nonetheless, Due to the way that there are two models that are conflicting we should make sense of approaches to cooperate to jump on the same wavelength to decrease disarray and taking care of business. In this proposition I will delineate how to utilize the ERM Framework to address chance, will examine how to help the Insurance Marketing Process.Also I will talk about how to assess â€Å"Risk Bearing† and â€Å"Risk Sharing† exercises, and how to help with executing a Workers' Compensation program that is reasonable and impartial. Building up a procedure to recognize authoritative dangers will help the board in figuring out what dangers can affect technique and the accomplishment of hierarchical objectives . A portion of similar techniques used to distinguish hazards in ordinary hazard the board projects can be conveyed in an ERM program and incorporate both formal and casual strategies. (Youngberg, 2011).A effective venture chance administration (ERM) activity can influence the probability and outcomes of dangers emerging, just as convey benefits identified with better educated key choices, fruitful conveyance of progress and expanded operational proficiency. To utilize the ERM Framework to address hazard, I will follow the 5 stages that association uses to create and actualizing the ERM programs. Which is Identify and draw in an official level victor, for any association there ought to be somebody in control to settle on choice about specific approaches or project.This will decrease relocation and everybody will be in a similar page. Second is to choose a controlling panel and working team. â€Å"The advantage of the controlling council is to build up a course of events for program improvement. The advisory group meets quarterly to audit and furthermore to favor venture, get status writes about existing undertaking and to survey vital arrangement for organization†. (Youngberg, 2011). Third is to Review key arrangement for association, which implies associations ought to know about the work vital direction.You can’t be a group chief without knowing what’s your association plan is. As expressed in the course text: the system plan ought to be looked into with the directing panel and the working team to guarantee that the objectives and goal are unmistakably expressed that ERM program bolster the current arrangement, and that contention don't arise† (Youngberg, 2011). Fourth is to Identify and audit current hazard distinguishing proof apparatuses. Which mean the working team should survey all presence strategies to recognize risk.These techniques might be inside or outside to the association and might be formal or casual. To wrap things up, â€Å"the association ought to be arrange and share asset records and reference materials, and recognize topic specialists. For instance, the working team will be liable for accumulating the reference materials in an online library for simple reference†. (Youngberg, 2011). Additionally follow the reviews and hazard talking with technique. To help the Insurance Marketing Process is to comprehend the means and to have a superior comprehension of how the procedure works.What I would do is before starting the promoting procedure with another association I would discover what are the destinations and systems for moving danger to the business protection commercial center. We both should meet up with an understanding and know about the current hazard financing plan before the procedure. Likewise to recognize and break down potential guarantees. On the off chance that I need to pick whose will be my likely guarantor, this competitor should meet the entirety of the associations de stinations. It’s additionally my obligation to work together with other expected associations and which competitors will the best transporter to work together with.The steps that will be taking are: â€Å"Organizations ought to survey leaving monetary arrangement, distinguish likely markets, gathering information and lose data, auditing misfortune figure and plan logical synopses, creating program choices. Settle accommodation, submit to showcase, meet the guarantors, get citations and perform similar examinations, arranging place approaches and checking results and relationship†. (Youngberg, 2011). As indicated by wellbeing undertakings articles, Balancing Risk Bearing and Risk Sharing is a framework that is totally gambling bearing.The basic role of a cost-assignment framework is to energize investment in hazard the executives programs, decrease by and large expenses and the recurrence and seriousness of misfortunes, and offer proportionately in the expense of the pr ogram. The most effortless approach to accomplish this is by dispensing the expenses to the gatherings that create them. A hazard sharing framework assigns all clinical obligation costs with respect to each department’s presentation. The correct designation framework for most associations lies somewhere close to these two boundaries. (Youngberg, 2011).The number of hazard sharing courses of action between wellbeing plans and suppliers developed quickly. All the more as of late, notwithstanding, there is proof that plans and suppliers in certain business sectors are losing enthusiasm for growing new or keeping existing danger sharing game plans. A few elements have all the earmarks of being adding to this change: the money related insecurity of hazard bearing associations; shopper and supplier reaction against oversaw care; and an undeniably prohibitive administrative condition, which may stretch out to design supplier contracting game plans. (Marsha R.Gold. 2003). Hazard shar ing is alluring on a few fronts. For plans, it gives a component to controlling expenses; for suppliers, it safeguards their independence by moving to them duties regarding overseeing administration use, expenses, and quality. In any case, it likewise has a drawback, especially if the measure of hazard moved is enormous or installments are not equivalent with anticipated expenses. (Kleffner, A. Drohetrty, N. 1996) Many supplier associations have little experience overseeing danger and come up short on the important foundation to oversee it effectively.If the level of hazard moved to suppliers is beyond what they can retain, their proceeded with practicality, just as that of plans with whom they contract, might be endangered. This in turns raises the probability that the level and nature of care accessible to enrollees could be contrarily influenced. (Marsha R. Gold. 2003). Base of what the most significant factor to assess Risk Bearing† and â€Å"Risk Sharing† exercises is whomever made the hazard ought to be urged to take part in chance administration cost and activities.From my point of view, worker’s pay can be characterized as the entirety of the prizes earned, for example, direct monetary remuneration comprising of pay got as wages, compensations, rewards and commissions gave at customary and predictable spans. Aberrant money related remuneration including every budgetary prize that are excluded from direct pay and can be comprehended to shape some portion of the implicit understanding between the business and worker, for example, benefits, leaves, retirement plans, instruction, and representative services.Non-monetary pay alluding to subjects, for example, profession improvement and progression openings, open doors for acknowledgment, just as workplace and conditions by representatives as a byproduct of their work. In deciding powerful rewards, notwithstanding, the uniqueness of every worker should likewise be thought of. Individuals have various needs or purposes behind working. The most suitable pay will meet these individual needs.To a huge degree, satisfactory or reasonable remuneration is in the brain of the worker. A decent pay procedure incorporates a harmony between interior value and outer seriousness. Pay and advantages influence the profitability and bliss of workers, just as the capacity of your association to viably understand its goals. It is for your potential benefit to guarantee that your representatives are imaginatively redressed and educated of their advantages. (Gomez-Mejia, L. , and Wiseman, R. M. 1997). ConclusionDeveloping a procedure to recognize hierarchical dangers will help the board in figuring out what dangers can affect system and the accomplishment of authoritative objectives. There a few instruments to follow when filling in as a group, the two most basic strategy is utilized in ERM program are studies and hazard interviews. In the event that we’re going to function as a g roup we need to receptive and be mindful and insightful. Correspondence is the way to be effective in an association. Likewise following the five stages of creating and execute an ERM program can help an association pushes ahead.

Econometrics Stocks of Microsoft Outperforms

Question: Examine about the Econometrics for Stocks of Microsoft Outperforms. Answer: 1. Loads of Microsoft beats or fails to meet expectations in the market. Arrangement A stock can be distinguished as failed to meet expectations stock or out performed stock dependent on the estimation of alpha of the relapse condition. On playing out the relapse condition of the supplies of Microsoft from January 1998 to December 2008, the accompanying arrangement was watched. Rundown OUTPUT Relapse Statistics Different R 0.584179 R Square 0.341265 Balanced R Square 0.336197 Standard Error 0.089101 Perceptions 132 ANOVA df SS MS F Noteworthiness F Relapse 1 0.534676 0.534676 67.34784 1.94E-13 Remaining 130 1.032074 0.007939 Absolute 131 1.56675 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-esteem Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Block 0.008773 0.007755 1.131246 0.260034 - 0.00657 0.024116 - 0.00657 0.024116 rm-rf 1.320997 0.160968 8.206573 1.94E-13 1.002541 1.639454 1.002541 1.639454 Table 1: Output of relapse condition of the supplies of Microsoft (Source: made by creator) The estimation of alpha of this relapse condition is 0.008773, which is more noteworthy than 0. Since the estimation of alpha more prominent than zero demonstrates that the stock outflanks reliably, it could be deciphered that the loads of Microsoft beats reliably. 2. Assessment of the case that Microsoft is a forceful stock Arrangement A stock is supposed to be a forceful stock when the beta estimation of the stock is more noteworthy than one as the variety of the stock is more. The stock is supposed to be a cautious stock when the beta estimation of the stock is short of what one as the variety of the stock is less. In the relapse condition of the supplies of Microsoft from January 1998 to December 2008, it was seen that the estimation of beta was 1.320997, which is more noteworthy than one (Seber and Lee 2012). Along these lines, it very well may be deciphered that the loads of Microsoft (a Tech stock) is a forceful stock as the beta estimation of this stock is more prominent than one. 3. Assessment of the case that the loads of Mobil-Exxon are a guarded stock Arrangement A stock is supposed to be a cautious stock if the beta estimation of the stock is short of what one which shows that the variety of the stock is less. On performing relapse condition of the supplies of Mobil-Exxon (xom), the accompanying outcome had been found. Synopsis OUTPUT Relapse Statistics Numerous R 0.376656 R Square 0.14187 Balanced R Square 0.135269 Standard Error 0.049673 Perceptions 132 ANOVA df SS MS F Criticalness F Relapse 1 0.053029 0.053029 21.49221 8.53E-06 Leftover 130 0.320757 0.002467 All out 131 0.373786 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-esteem Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Catch 0.010556 0.004323 2.441511 0.015971 0.002002 0.019109 0.002002 0.019109 rm-rf 0.416019 0.089737 4.63597 8.53E-06 0.238485 0.593554 0.238485 0.593554 Table 2: Output of Regression condition of the loads of xom (Source: made by creator) The estimation of beta coefficient of this relapse condition is 0.416019, which is more prominent than one. This recommends the variety of the stock is high (Cameron and Trivedi 2013). Along these lines, the case that the loads of Mobil-Exxon (xom) are guarded isn't correct. This is on the grounds that the estimation of the stocks isn't short of what one. 4. The table is filled according to the consequences of relapse condition at 95% certainty interim for the stocks given. Synopsis OUTPUT (dis) Relapse Statistics Numerous R 0.538186 R Square 0.289644 Balanced R Square 0.28418 Standard Error 0.068417 Perceptions 132 ANOVA df SS MS F Criticalness F Relapse 1 0.248122 0.248122 53.00681 2.83E-11 Leftover 130 0.608522 0.004681 All out 131 0.856644 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-esteem Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Catch 0.001526 0.005955 0.256295 0.798128 - 0.01026 0.013307 - 0.01026 0.013307 rm - rf 0.899889 0.123601 7.280578 2.83E-11 0.655358 1.144419 0.655358 1.144419 Table 3: Regression yield table of dis (Source: made by creator) Synopsis OUTPUT (ge) Relapse Statistics Numerous R 0.623297 R Square 0.388499 Balanced R Square 0.383795 Standard Error 0.054897 Perceptions 132 ANOVA df SS MS F Criticalness F Relapse 1 0.248906 0.248906 82.5917 1.45E-15 Leftover 130 0.391781 0.003014 All out 131 0.640687 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-esteem Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Catch 0.001509 0.004778 0.315749 0.7527 - 0.00794 0.010962 - 0.00794 0.010962 rm - rf 0.90131 0.099176 9.087997 1.45E-15 0.705103 1.097518 0.705103 1.097518 Table 4: Regression yield table of ge (Source: made by creator) Synopsis OUTPUT (gm) Relapse Statistics Numerous R 0.479893 R Square 0.230298 Balanced R Square 0.224377 Standard Error 0.112137 Perceptions 132 ANOVA df SS MS F Hugeness F Relapse 1 0.489115 0.489115 38.89646 5.8E-09 Leftover 130 1.634723 0.012575 Absolute 131 2.123838 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-esteem Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Catch - 0.00887 0.00976 - 0.90923 0.364914 - 0.02818 0.010435 - 0.02818 0.010435 rm - rf 1.263461 0.202585 6.236702 5.8E-09 0.862671 1.664251 0.862671 1.664251 Table 5: Regression yield table of gm (Source: made by creator) Synopsis OUTPUT (ibm) Relapse Statistics Numerous R 0.636171 R Square 0.404714 Balanced R Square 0.400135 Standard Error 0.070081 Perceptions 132 ANOVA df SS MS F Hugeness F Relapse 1 0.43408 0.43408 88.38246 2.47E-16 Leftover 130 0.63848 0.004911 Absolute 131 1.07256 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-esteem Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Catch 0.008527 0.0061 1.397893 0.164526 - 0.00354 0.020595 - 0.00354 0.020595 rm - rf 1.190259 0.126607 9.401195 2.47E-16 0.939782 1.440736 0.939782 1.440736 Table 6: Regression yield table of ibm (Source: made by creator) Synopsis OUTPUT (xom) Relapse Statistics Numerous R 0.376656 R Square 0.14187 Balanced R Square 0.135269 Standard Error 0.049673 Perceptions 132 ANOVA df SS MS F Hugeness F Relapse 1 0.053029 0.053029 21.49221 8.53E-06 Leftover 130 0.320757 0.002467 Absolute 131 0.373786 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-esteem Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Catch 0.010556 0.004323 2.441511 0.015971 0.002002 0.019109 0.002002 0.019109 rm - rf 0.416019 0.089737 4.63597 8.53E-06 0.238485 0.593554 0.238485 0.593554 Table 7: Regression yield

How to Avoid Unbudgeted Spending - OppLoans

How to Avoid Unbudgeted Spending - OppLoans How to Avoid Unbudgeted Spending How to Avoid Unbudgeted SpendingUnplanned spending that falls outside your budget is a great way to drain your savings and leave yourself in a financially perilous position.Going over budget can happen even to the best spendthrifts. It can be a big purchase or lots of little ones, but, either way, going over budget is bad news for your wallet! If youre overspending and constantly dipping into your savings, you might find yourself needing to take out a short-term bad credit loan or no credit check loan (like a payday loan or cash advance) when a surprise bill rears its ugly head.While there can’t be a little goblin hiding in your wallet to keep you from spending your money (though that would be kind of fun) there are some ways to keep your financial life on track! Whether it’s using the good old fashioned cash-only method (where you only spend cash and don’t use your cards) or locking your credit cards to disallow use, there are options out there for you.Reigning in your unbudge ted missteps is an important thing to do before the spending catches up with you.Start small.Are you a small spender? Someone who buys a lot of little things and thinks it’s better for your overall finances? You’d be wrong. While not as jarring as a major spend, those little purchases are quick to catch up to you.According to Mint, it’s fairly easy to forget those standard little buys here and there until you add them up at the end of the week or month. It’s only then that you realize how much you’re really spending.“It could be the $5 coffee now and then or that $20 on getting your nails done each month,” Mint said. “These small purchases soon add up. Just think: $5 per day on your coffee to work is $25 in a five-day working weekend. Say you had two weeks vacation; thats $1,250 each year spent that youre not accounting for. Track every little expenditure that you make. It doesnt matter how small or infrequent it is, it all adds up and will give you the true idea of the amount youre spending.”It’s perfectly fine to spend a little on yourself here and there (you work hard, so you should treat yourself), but those treats need to be manageable. It makes it a little less fun or spontaneous, but try budgeting those little expenses each month. Tell yourself you won’t spend more than $50 or $100 or whatever fits your goals and try your best to stick to it.Keep your eyes up.“Keeping up with the Joneses” might be an old adage, yet it doesn’t stop being true even in the digital age. There is a certain kind of peer pressure to do as well as or better than those around you, even if it isn’t something you consciously think about. But that wont stop peer pressure or an attempt to keep up your appearances from derailing your financial goals.Jocelyn Black Hodes of HerMoney ascribes societal pressures as major financial influences. It can be difficult to say no when your friends want to get together for dinner at an expensive restaurant. It’s di fficult to discuss money because it’s a sensitive topic. But you have to be honest with yourself and your financial situation to avoid going into a hole.Hodes says the attempt to keep up appearances simply restarts the cycle of overspending and while it can be hard to step out of the cycle, it’s important to take that step.“Focus on your goals, rather than your neighbors.” she said. “Take some time alone to think about what’s most important to youâ€"what you want to have in your life (independent of what your peers may have). Once you’ve identified your goals and what you’ll need to get there, keep them front of mind (it may sound corny, but visual reminders help). When you’re saving money for something that’s important to you, what your neighbors are doing with theirs will seem less important.”Don’t touch.Treat retail like a museum. If you touch something you might not be allowed back.That sounds silly, but there is a temptation in touching an item. It influ ences you into thinking you need it or tempts you to put it into your basket/cart. So don’t let that idea even pass through your mind. Just don’t touch anything you aren’t setting out to buy anyway. Is it on the list of must-haves? Then leave it be.“Studies have shown that customers who actually pick up an item or try something on are more likely to buy said product,” according to Military.com.Not only can holding an item influence whether or not you buy something, but what you are already holding can influence it too. Big Think has a similar take on the issue which includes a study done that found subjects were drawn to items similar to ones they were already holding.For example, if you are holding your smartphone and craving a candy bar, you will be more likely to want a Kit-Kat than any other variety. Why? Shape and weight distribution. Your brain is already aware of the concept of that shape and size, so it only makes sense that it would want something it’s familiar with.Embrace your inner artiste.When it comes to overspending, sometimes special occasions can foil even the stingiest penny pincher. No matter what the case may be, however, there is a way around even the biggest celebration. The heart can provide the greatest gifts of allâ€"which can also save you some money if you’re willing to put in the time.In respecting your personal budget, Success Story suggests using your creativity to come up with something spectacular for the person you’re celebrating which never has to break the bank.According to Success Story, “Whenever there is a party, a birthday or any occasion, when you need to buy gifts, you should use your creativity. Make gifts yourself instead of buying anything from outside. Use your imagination and make precious gifts for your loved ones. The gifts which you will make with your hands include love, care and affection; so these will be more precious for your relatives and friends in comparison to the gifts you buy from th e shops.”The better you are with spending, the easier it will be to save money and avoid using short-term personal loans and installment loans to cover surprise expenses. To learn more about budgeting and saving money, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Save More Money with These 40 Expert TipsBuilding Your Financial Life: Budgeting for BeginnersFinancial Basics: Expert Tips for Smarter SpendingHow to Budget and Save Money When You’re Making Minimum WageDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIN  |Instagram

Essay - 849 Words

As they moved closer, Calvin noticed a someone speaking at a podium on a makeshift stage. From the distance, he noticed that many of the people in the crowd were middle-aged white men draped Confederate States of America paraphernalia. Upon noticing this, he signaled his family to go to the nearby pond without him as he’d catch up later. Janice took the kids to the pond while Calvin walked toward the crowd. When he arrived, about 30 yards from the podium, he recognized the man speaking. It was none other than Billy Cobb Guidry. In front of all these people, he spoke of white power, â€Å"niggers taking our country†, and â€Å"Mexicans going back where the hell they came from†. As the only black person anywhere in sight, Calvin left the scene filled†¦show more content†¦At last, Calvin looked at Susan, and said, â€Å"Nurse, let’s prepare for surgery†. As Calvin and his staff began preparations, he wondered about the victim he was about to s ave. What had this man done to deserve shooting? How severe was the injury? Would he be able to save him? Putting all doubt aside, he walks into the operating room and views his patient. He is met with a shocking visual. The victim, on the verge of dying, is none other than Billy Cobb Guidry. At that moment, Calvin is at a crossroads. How could he, as a black man, save someone with such a horrid moral fiber? Why should he help a man that not only disrespected him, but all the work that he has done to get to that point in his life? Calvin, about to turn around and leave, heard something. â€Å"As a child of God, and an avid believer in my Word, you must learn to forgive. As I have blessed you, use this and bless others,† the voice said. At that very instance, Calvin was uplifted. He turned back around and strutted to perform the evasive procedure. After 7 hours inside Guidry’s chest cavity, the bullet was removed, and all the bleeding was stopped. The operation was a to tal success. Calvin, filled with complete exhaustion, stepped out of the room and headed to his office. He immediately dozed off at his desk. After about 2 hours, Susan entered his office with a tender knock. Startled, Calvin jumps up. â€Å"Yes?!† he asks. â€Å"Doctor, the patient would like to speak to you,†Show MoreRelatedWhat Is an Essay?1440 Words   |  6 PagesBuscemi Essay #3 Rough Draft An essay is a creative written piece in which the author uses different styles such as diction, tone, pathos, ethos or logos to communicate a message to the reader using either a personal experience, filled with morals and parables, or a informative text filled with educational terms. Educational terms could mean the usage of complicated and elevated words or simply information you would get in schools. Some authors, such as Cynthia Ozick, claim that an essay has noRead Morenarrative essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative Essay A Brief Guide to Writing Narrative Essays Narrative writing tells a story. 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Read MoreEssay763 Words   |  4 PagesCan’t be Built on Soccer Fever† and â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye† In Jonathan Zimmerman’s essay â€Å"African National Identities Can’t Be Built on Soccer Fever† he describes how soccer brings the people of Africa together. He talks about the unity of Africans and how much soccer is a part of their lives. He also describes the underlying reason of why soccer is so heavily pushed. The perspective in the essay â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye† Tim Bowling discusses his passion for hockey and his hate forRead MoreThe Colonel Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesIn the essay, The Colonel, Michael Hogan illustrates the importance of the influential sport of tennis. Hogan writes about how tennis changed his life from an early age. When he was younger he saw tennis as a rich mans sport in which he had no interest. One of his much-respected neighbors, the colonel, approached Hogan’s father with the idea that his son might like to learn how to play tennis. After pondering the thought with his father, Hogan decided to take t he offer. The Colonel became his mentorRead MorePersuasive Essays : Persuasive Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesbegan this class, I loved to write persuasive essays. I loved to write about my own opinions and I was quite good at convincing people to agree with my stand points. To convince others to agree on my point of view was an extraordinary feeling. I am very good at getting my point across and giving my reasons on why I feel the way I do about a certain situation. I loved writing persuasive essays because I love to read them as well. I love how persuasive essays have a call-to-action; giving the readers aRead MoreEnglish Composition One: To Be an Essay or Not to Be an Essay That Is the Question910 Words   |  4 Pages In the past, the mention to have to write a paper for an assignment caused me to break out in a sweat or my mouth instantly dries, well it does not have that kind of effect on me anymore. 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Ex. 9 Analyzing students’ essays. Use the assignment and the Student Essays to answer the following questions. Assignment: Computers have become an important part of educational process. Write convincing illustration to this statement. Use specific and convincing examples and details. Student Essay 1 Computer as a multipurpose universal instrument of education. In our days computers have become an importantRead More Community Essay843 Words   |  4 Pagesan important effect on the shaping of a person’s character is key in both Pythia Peay’s essay, â€Å"Soul Searching† and Winona LaDuke’s interview transcribed in essay form entitled, â€Å"Reclaiming Culture and the Land: Motherhood and the Politics of Sustaining Community†. The two authors present ideas, similar and different, of what it means to live in and be a part of community. Through examining these two essays, summarizing and synthesizing, we can gain a better understanding of what community is and

Los Angeles Abrasion Test - 974 Words

1.0 Introduction The properties of aggregates used in asphalt concretes are very important to the performance of the pavements in which the asphalt concretes are used. Often pavement distress, such as stripping and rutting, can be traced directly to the aggregates used. Clearly, proper aggregate selection is necessary for attaining desired performance. The aggregate used in surface course of the highway pavements are subjected to wearing due to movement of traffic. When vehicles move on the road, the soil particles present between the pneumatic tyres and road surface cause abrasion of road aggregates. The steel reamed wheels of animal driven vehicles also cause considerable abrasion of the road surface. Therefore, the road aggregates†¦show more content†¦The sample is washed and dried and later the weight is obtained. 2. The sample is placed in L.A. Abrasion Machine. 3. Eleven steel balls are added in the machine. 4. The drum is rotated for about 500 revolutions at 30-33 rpm. 5. After being rotated, the sample is removed from the drum and is sieved on no. 12 sieve. Later the sample that is retained on the sieve is washed and dried at the temperature of 1050C to 1100C. The weight of the sample is taken after the sample is cooling down. 4.2 Flow Chart 4.3 Picture of the Procedure 5.0 Result/Calculation Table 5.1: Result of LAA test Aggregate Size (mm) | Weight Of Sample Before (g) | Weight Of Sample After Abrasion (g) | Loss (g) | 19 - 12.5 | 5000 2500 2500 | 4190 | 810 | 12.5 - 9.5 | | | | Calculation: Weight loss = (Weight of sample before abrasion) – (Weight of sample after abrasion) = 5000 – 4190 = 810 g = 0.81 kg Percent loss = (Weight loss / Total weight of sample) x 100 = 8105000 x 100 = 16.2% 30% (JKR standard requirement) The result obtained in this experiment shows that the percent loss due to degradation of aggregates by abrasion is 16.2%. 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Preschool Observation Paper - 3113 Words

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Key Concepts in Event Management-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp

Question: Develop an event bid document aimed at securing the contract to produce / stage the event. Using the documents and templates provided in class include each component of the bid document. The level of detail in the example documents and templates should be used as a guide for the content only. Answer: Introduction All societies perform several festivities, rituals and public celebrations. It gives a feeling of togetherness and also it is seen as unique and destination image makers which helps in attracting the tourists. Festivals and events act as a catalyst which attracts the tourists, increasing their number (Allen et al., 2012). The research paper mainly focuses on the staging of a particular event called the New Dawn - a state wide celebration in order to mark the bicentennial of the founding of state (Andersson, Armbrecht Lundberg, 2012). The specific objectives of the paper is to illustrate how to develop a particular event, giving equal attention on how to stage an even and developing an event bid document. Bidding an event The bidding process is a normal practice which helps any representative body on selecting several things required for staging an event. The proposals of various event management organizations are kept in place in front of the selecting body. This particular process of supplying each organizations proposal is referred to the bid and tender process. The main purpose is to demonstrate that the event management organization have all the necessary resources to stage the particular event (Getz, 2012). Moreover, it proves the fact that the organization is better than its rival groups. At times, event management organizations prove their uniqueness by providing the participants with better services and facilities as well. They try to acquire better financial backing than their rival companies and try gaining public support as much as possible. They try to present their unique ideas and event proposal in front of the governing body, to differentiate themselves from others. They set up better facilities for the spectators (Hall, 2012). When the event management organizations are required to get into the formal process of bidding, for winning the right of organizing any event, there are two different tasks for them. One is to develop the bid proposal and the other is submission of the whole document to the governing body within the given date (Getz, 2012). For staging the event New Dawn, the event managers should present the following ideas to the governing body. Budget Planning The organizers should draft a probable budget that is the amount needed for the whole event. It is necessary to keep in mind that the budget must be realistic and covers all the segments. The purpose of the event and the programs must be presented in front of the representative body, venue and facilities, list of sponsors and others. The event is to be organized in remote areas, to let people know about such lively happenings. Therefore, the budget is to be prepared in accordance with that (Jones, 2014). Event Team The event proposal must also include the list of the members names, who are associated with the event management team. It is important to mention their qualifications and key responsibilities. The governing body should feel that the event organizers have the capability of running the whole event without any mistake. Moreover, the event managers must perform their tasks efficiently and effectively, so that they can gain the trust and faith of the spectators. It is important to keep in mind that a well managed event can bring in huge success for the company. (Yeoman et al. 2012). Staging the event The New Dawn event is one of the largest events which will be staged in the heart of the city. Large number of tourists will attend the event in order to get a glimpse of such a lively festival. They will eat, drink, watch the performances and enjoy. In order to stage a live music and dance performances ceremony, proper mechanisms and equipments must be set up so that all the visitors can enjoy (Lee, Arcodia Lee, 2012). On planning the event, the first and foremost job is to take the permission from the Government and clear all rules as well as regulations. Once the event planner gets through all these formalities, he/she needs to select a venue for the event. However, the New Dawn event is itself very popular as large number of tourists from all over the world visits this place. Therefore, venue selection plays a very important role for the events success (Preston, 2012). It is very crucial to check the venue is safe and have all the safety measures intact. Proper fire fighters, stage, green rooms, camera people, sitting arrangements, lightings, sanitation, security and other elements, must be available at the site of the event. The visitors must not face any issues, and therefore, proper drinking water and comfortable chairs must be available. In case of any emergency, the medical team must be present on site to provide the visitors with medical assistance. The event needs to be covered by the media, so that all parts of the world can see it. Therefore, the media must be invited and the recording facilities need to be checked beforehand (Quinn, 2013). During the event It is the duty of the event manager to check, during the event, nobody is facing any issues. The event managers must take care of the media personnel, as the event is being broadcasted live. Event coordinators must be at place, during the event, keeping all the tracks of the ongoing events. The whole event should be monitored and reported to the management department (Klauser, 2012). It is to be checked that nobody is facing any issue during the event, if any mishap occurs; it is to be taken immediate care. Facility managers must be present at spots and check that nobody is creating any scene. Security personnel must be present at the event spot. An event manager has loads of responsibilities and tasks; he/she needs to conduct the whole event without any mistake. At times, an event manager may have to perform difficult tasks. Therefore, he/she needs to make preparations on the basis of that (Preston, 2012). Post event After the event is over, the manager needs to promote all the important happenings, which took place during the event. Important elements like celebrity performance or politicians visit must be taken note. Promotions of the event must be done through social networking sites like Facebook, Instagram or Twitter (Yeoman et al. 2012). It will help the event get mass attention internationally. Moreover, the manager must contact the media personnel for the footages, in order to update on the website of the company. In addition to this, the event manager should take care that if any mishap occurred in between the event, it doesnt occur the next time. Proper management strategies must be implemented in the next event (Lee, Arcodia Lee, 2012). Conclusion To conclude, festivities and events help in bringing people together. The New Dawn event will bring together a large number of people, who will eat, dance and enjoy all night long. Moreover, events attract many celebrities, thus promotions must be done through social media sites, electronic as well as print media, hoardings and billboards and others. Post event promotions also need to be managed properly by the manager. Archival footages need to be stored for future benefits. It is important to keep in mind that a well managed event can bring in huge success for the company. References Allen, J., O'toole, W., Harris, R., McDonnell, I. (2012).Festival and Special Event Management. John Wiley Sons. Andersson, T. D., Armbrecht, J., Lundberg, E. (2012). Estimating use and non-use values of a music festival.Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism,12(3), 215-231. Getz, D. (2012). Event studies: discourses and future directions.Event Management,16(2), 171-187. Hall, C. M. (2012). Sustainable mega-events: Beyond the myth of balanced approaches to mega-event sustainability.Event Management,16(2), 119-131. Jones, M. (2014).Sustainable event management: A practical guide. Routledge. Klauser, F. R. (2012). Interpretative Flexibility of the Event?City: Security, Branding and Urban Entrepreneurialism at the European Football Championships 2008.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,36(5), 1039-1052. Lee, I., Arcodia, C., Lee, T. J. (2012). Benefits of visiting a multicultural festival: Tourism Management,33(2), 334-340. Preston, C. (2012).Event marketing: how to successfully promote events, festivals, conventions, and expositions. Wiley. Quinn, B. (2013).Key concepts in event management. Sage. Yeoman, I., Robertson, M., Ali-Knight, J., Drummond, S., McMahon-Beattie, U. (Eds.). (2012).Festival and events management. Routledge

My Life As A Poet Essays - Fiction, Childrens Literature, Childhood

My Life As A Poet Are the philosophical, educational, and sociological theories of childhood reflected in literature for children? If so, how? To what extent does Aesop contribute to our understanding of many early children's books? How does the popular reading of children over the years relate to what scholars have said about the history of childhood and of children's literature? How much did early publishers influence the writing and illustrating of books for children? How does lithography and the book, illustration and design in the commercial sector contribute to our understanding of this process in publication? How does the history of the alphabet contribute to our knowledge of early children's books? To what extent does the history of American children's literature reflect the ideals and attitudes of the American experience? How has the history of children's literature been related to the teaching of reading? What are some of the design factors related to children's books? To what extent were early textbooks avenues for recreation and entertainment for children? What do the changes in versions and variants of traditional folk and fairy tales over time tell us about changing perceptions of childhood? In what ways does the Snow White site demonstrate changes over time? How has the reviewing process influenced what is made available to the child? How is the culture of childhood (family life, games, peer relationships) revealed in literature for children? What distinctions can be drawn between sentiment and sentimentality in the history of children's literature? How was gender revealed in the composition and content of 19th and early 20th century children's literature? How were minorities (religious, racial,cultural) treated in early children's literature? Compare and contrast the representation and function of 'landscape' in two or more books from this semester's reading list. What is its effect on the book as a whole? (b) Discuss the author's techniques and themes in two or more of the books on the reading list for this semester. What do the books reveal about social life and the construction of childhood/adolescence? Poetry Essays

Free Essays on Spiritual World Of Tea

The Spiritual World of Tea In the Japanese tea ceremony there are many things that are used to represent the Japanese beliefs. In tea ceremony, water represents yin and fire in the hearth, yang. The water is held in a jar called the mizusashi. This stoneware jar contains fresh water symbolizing purity, and is touched only by the host. Matcha (green tea) is kept in a small ceramic container called a chaire, which is in turn covered in a shifuku (fine silk pouch), which is set in front of the mizusashi. The occasion will dictate the type of tana (stand) used to display the chosen utensils The host enters with the chawan (tea bowl) which holds the chasen (tea whisk), chakin (the tea cloth) which is a bleached white linen cloth used to dry the bowl, and the chashaku (tea scoop), a slender bamboo scoop used to dispense the matcha, which rests across it. These are arranged next to the water jar, which represents the sun (symbolic of yang); the bowl is the moon (yin). Retiring to the preparation room, the host returns with the kensui (waste water bowl), the hishaku (bamboo water ladle) and futaoki (a green bamboo rest for the kettle lid). As the host enters they close the door to the preparation room. Using a fukusa (fine silk cloth), which represents the spirit of the host, the host purifies the tea container and scoop. Deep significance is found in the host's careful inspection, the folding and handling of the fukusa, for their level of concentration and state of meditation are being intensified. Hot water is ladled into the tea bowl, the whisk is rinsed, and the tea bowl is emptied and wiped with the chakin. Lifting the tea scoop and tea container, the host places three scoops of tea per guest into the tea bowl. Hot water is ladled from the kettle into the tea bowl in a quantity sufficient to create a thin paste with the whisk. Additional water is then added, so the paste can be whisked into a thick liquid consiste... Free Essays on Spiritual World Of Tea Free Essays on Spiritual World Of Tea The Spiritual World of Tea In the Japanese tea ceremony there are many things that are used to represent the Japanese beliefs. In tea ceremony, water represents yin and fire in the hearth, yang. The water is held in a jar called the mizusashi. This stoneware jar contains fresh water symbolizing purity, and is touched only by the host. Matcha (green tea) is kept in a small ceramic container called a chaire, which is in turn covered in a shifuku (fine silk pouch), which is set in front of the mizusashi. The occasion will dictate the type of tana (stand) used to display the chosen utensils The host enters with the chawan (tea bowl) which holds the chasen (tea whisk), chakin (the tea cloth) which is a bleached white linen cloth used to dry the bowl, and the chashaku (tea scoop), a slender bamboo scoop used to dispense the matcha, which rests across it. These are arranged next to the water jar, which represents the sun (symbolic of yang); the bowl is the moon (yin). Retiring to the preparation room, the host returns with the kensui (waste water bowl), the hishaku (bamboo water ladle) and futaoki (a green bamboo rest for the kettle lid). As the host enters they close the door to the preparation room. Using a fukusa (fine silk cloth), which represents the spirit of the host, the host purifies the tea container and scoop. Deep significance is found in the host's careful inspection, the folding and handling of the fukusa, for their level of concentration and state of meditation are being intensified. Hot water is ladled into the tea bowl, the whisk is rinsed, and the tea bowl is emptied and wiped with the chakin. Lifting the tea scoop and tea container, the host places three scoops of tea per guest into the tea bowl. Hot water is ladled from the kettle into the tea bowl in a quantity sufficient to create a thin paste with the whisk. Additional water is then added, so the paste can be whisked into a thick liquid consiste...

Project management report for Zenith Company Inc Essay

Project management report for Zenith Company Inc - Essay Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that proper project management is important for any project to meet its objective and achieve success. Project management involves in-depth process of planning, execution or implementation, and monitoring and evaluation at every phase of implementation. If it is not a perpetual project, a final stage of project closing is included. The management team at Zenith PM has decided to enhance the current business strategy by introducing a new approach on their core business model to improve business performance and success. This paper will attempt to provide advice to the management of Zenith PM on the current thinking on offsite manufacturing or modern methods of construction, the potential impact of change in direction from a change management perspective on Zenith PM’s existing business strategy focusing on existing organizational and project processes, how a transition might be undertaken using a project management solu tion including an implementation strategy) and explore all risk management issues that may be prevalent. The management team at Zenith PM has decided to have a new approach on their core business model. They have made the decision to incorporate offsite manufacturing with an aim to enter a new niche market (which could give them competitive advantage), stabilize the workforce (to reduce turnover), and improve the financial position of the company (working capital requirements and improved order book). 2. Current thinking on Offsite Manufacturing 2.1 New development Based on the business of Zenith PM, it is apparent that reliance on the traditional manufacturing methods will not put the firm in a competitive advantage particularly given that other firms in the market have embraced advanced technologies boosting their competition and production levels. The management’s decision to adopt offsite manufacturing sounds long overdue but a good measure though challenging to grow firm size, motivate staff, increase production, improve quality, improve client satisfaction, and increase firm turnover. Offsite manufacturing leads to improved project delivery and positively influence the performance of the construction industry by reducing the project’s duration by almost half and increased onsite productivity. Zenith PM should carry out an Analysis of internal and external market forces so that they can have a smooth way forward. Zenith PM can use the business analysis model of SWOT by Albert Humphrey to identify Zenith PM’s strengths and weaknesses, which are internal factors as well as opportunities and threats, the external factors. The company’

Oil Spill Effect on Environment and Community Essay

Oil Spill Effect on Environment and Community - Essay Example This research paper examines one environmental factor that can have an adverse effect not only on the environment but also on the entire community. Talking about oil spills, it causes long term damages along with a lot of small damages which affect the entire environment. Some damages can also last for years. Oil which is spilled by tankers with damaged oil rigs and pipelines ends up in coating everything which is touched by it causing a bad affect on the entire ecosystem. Oil slick which is taken out of the large oil spills and is basically touching the beach along with the coats of oil and the entire sand and rocky area is touched by it as well. There are grasses and plants which will then absorb the oil marshes which are along the coastal area along with forests and wetlands are damaged and it will cause a lot of bad effects on the wildlife and the entire environment. When oil is not floating on the water surface and is basically sinking inside the marine environment the delicate ecosystem which is based underground is badly affected. Many fishes and also smaller organisms which are a very important part of the food chain are contaminated and are badly affected. Oil Spills end up in damaging the marshlands, marine ecosystem along with the entire beach area. There are many efforts and also remedies which end up in taking care of the environment however in spite of that many concerns and cases still exist. Sea mammals have to face a lot of problems and many of them end up in creating problems for the next generations.... oil is spilled near them and it can have deadly results for the birds, their feather are covered with oil which makes flying extremely difficult for them. The insulation process along with the water proofing is also affected badly and it ends up in giving rise to the hypothermia along with overheating. Oil is basically affected by the birds in the race of protecting their feathers which then badly damage the internal organs of the birds and it is also sometimes fatal for the birds (Effects of Oil Spills, 2012). Oil Spills are not only causing dreadful affects on the fish, forest, marine life and birds but it is also killing marine mammals badly. Whales, seals, sea otters and dolphins are few mammals which are badly affected. Holes of these animals are sometimes blown which ends up in making the breathing process extremely difficult for them along with badly damaging the communication process of these mammals. Hypothermia is caused to these mammals if their feather are fully covered a nd coated by the oil spill. Food supply of these mammals is badly affected and due to this oil spill the mammals can die and they also face extremely bad affects. The effects are not just for that particular time but they last for a longer time which causes death of many sea mammals later on as well (National Public Radio : News & Analysis, 2011) The growth rate of these mammals is affected badly along with some other smaller species being damaged badly as well. Eggs of the fish and larvae are exposed to the oil which ends up in increasing the death rate of the fishes which are an important part of the marine life. These fishes and the eggs which are covered with the oil die and even if some survive at that time their death is certain and the damaged fishes and the marine animals cannot be

Information and communication technologies Essay Example for Free

Information and communication technologies Essay Even though the ICT sector is itself worth between 6-8% of the EU’s GDP in the last few years, ICTs are much more important than that figure suggests, as they are central for the current situation and development of much more spheres of contemporary society as a whole and of national economies in Europe in particular. Today ICTs play a crucial role in: improving competitiveness throughout the economy in the face of globalisation, by boosting innovation, creativity and efficiency; scientific and technological development in various areas (including medicine and physics); modernising sectors as diverse as education, security, energy and transport, and making Europe’s public sector more efficient; tackling social challenges and improving quality of life and meeting the challenge of an ageing society. The EU policy framework for the information society and media i2010- also promotes a European Information Society for all citizens[2]. Actions implemented under this i2010 priority aim to ensure that the benefits of the information society can be enjoyed by everyone (e-Inclusion). Areas of eInclusion policy, as defined in i2010, are: ageing, eAccessibility, broadband gap (overcoming the so called â€Å"digital divide†), inclusive eGovernment, digital literacy and culture. Actions under this priority also aim to encourage provision of better public services (eGovernment and eHealth). Here are the main spheres where ICTs have even bigger potential and are expected to develop in the short run: Growth and Competitiveness ICT is a driver for productivity. The gains from ICT stem directly from investment in ICT, a fast growing and innovative ICT sector, and indirectly from improvements in business processes through wider use of these technologies across the economy. According to a study[3], the overall contribution to labour productivity growth from ICT investments and from technical progress in the production of ICT goods and services accounted for about 40% of EU labour productivity growth over the second half of the 1990s, compared with 60% in the US. The ICT sector, as a whole, performs fairly well in comparison with the US in terms of size (10% of GDP in the US against 8% in the EU, and also in productivity and employment creation), but less so in terms of contribution to RD (in the US, ICT account for 30% of RD). However, in these developments the EU has suffered from lower and delayed investments in ICT and, possibly, a less efficient use of ICT. Using Information and Communication Technologies can also further be used to manage finite natural resources and energy consumption much more efficiently, so that improving environmental protection without holding back economic development[4]. Convergence More and more, convergence of technologies, infrastructure and applications is developing to provide consumers with an access to a great diversity of attractive services and rich media and content on a wide range of devices. Availability of content and services is becoming critical as the market moves to a phase where value-added services and content are key to revenue growth. The policy focus for 2010 will probably be the creation of a favourable environment that stimulates the competitive deployment of new converging services. Broadband networks EU countries are global leader in high-speed internet. The number of fixed broadband internet connections in the EU keeps growing: 14 million more in 2008, reaching over 114 million in total. Denmark and the Netherlands are world leaders in broadband, with take up over 35% of population. They lead, along with Sweden, Finland, the UK, Luxembourg, Belgium, Germany and France, the US, which was at 25% in July 2008. This has produced a critical mass and there is already evidence that markets for high-quality content and service development are taking off. Furthermore, new developments in wireless broadband have made spectrum availability crucial to new services and applications, and the efficient management of spectrum key to further broadband developments. Finally, the enhancement of interoperability and security are essential to and increase consumers’ choice and facilitate take-up. In the beginning of 2009 1 billion euro has been earmarked by the European Commission to help rural areas[5] get online, bring new jobs and help businesses grow. Competitiveness, job creation and protection, sustainable development, spatial balance and fighting the digital divide are the main goals that the broadband internet access could achieve. Contents and information society services Convergence is creating a promising range of opportunities for the development of content and information society services making the most of ICT. The challenge for the single information space is to create the appropriate environment that will meet both business and consumer expectations while promoting the European content industry. This requires a competitive environment, where interoperability allows cross-platform competition and usage. This also requires a clear European regulatory framework with respect to content regulation and a secure environment for the distribution of digital content. Ensuring consumer acceptance pass by offering access to a great variety of flexible content and services adapted to user needs. Improving security and privacy as well as minor protection and media literacy are needed to allow European citizens to benefit fully from these content and services. Innovation and research In order Europe to catch-up with the levels of productivity growth of other regions of the world, it should strengthen innovation and concentrate these efforts in those sectors, like the ICT, where the value added is the highest. A pre-requisite is to increase investment in research: at present the EU devotes only 18% of research expenditure to ICT whereas the leading OECD countries allocate more than 30%[6]. In absolute amounts, Europe’s investment in ICT research is only two thirds of that of Japan and one third of that seen in the USA. Research and development is making technology simpler to use, more available and affordable; providing new ICT-based solutions that are trusted, reliable, and adaptable to users’ contexts and preferences. However, research alone is not sufficient as it needs be consolidated by organisational innovation. ICT must be widely adopted and supported by adequate reorganisation of business processes and by a skilled workforce. Businesses in the EU are increasingly adopting advanced ICT and are engaging in on-line transactions but are lagging behind in the adoption of integrated business applications (particularly the European small and medium enterprises). Skills and work The development of the ICT sector and the wide-spread diffusion and use of ICT in the economy and in the society bring opportunities for new employment and more creative and fulfilling jobs. Changing needs for ICT and e-Business skills (e-Skills) in the future heavily depend on innovation and the introduction of new technologies. The greatest challenge is to assess forward-looking innovations and understand what new skills will be needed, to be able to anticipate and manage changes and be effective, quick and efficient in creating new, innovative jobs. e-Business Though nearly all enterprises are connected to the internet, a large section of the business community is only beginning to exploit the potential of ICT. E-commerce is expected to continue to grow rapidly. More efforts are needed to improve business processes in European enterprises and fully integrate ICT providing new opportunities to reduce their costs and improve performance. Factors which will contribute to increase e-Business include promotion of take-up of e-business solutions and best practices security, addressing privacy and security concerns, availability of content and new services, increase automation of business processes, acceptance of payment for content and services, e-invoicing and e-procurement. Public services Public services are at the heart of the European social model, playing a key role in growth, innovation and cohesion. There is increasing evidence that a better exploitation of ICT through combined improvement of facilities, working processes and skills can significantly enhance public service’s organisation provision. However, the potential remains unfulfilled due to technical, legal or organisational obstacles. For example, government services are widely available online but the demand is not sufficient and efficiency gains from back-office reorganisation are still largely underexploited. Specific challenges relate to friendly user-centric services, back-office streamlining, interoperability of key infrastructures and facilities, identity management, or privacy and trust. e-Inclusion Increasing impact of ICT on social inclusion and participation creates new opportunities. Significant progress on ICT penetration across all EU regions and socio-demographic groups helps to decrease disparities. However, some specific challenges concern accessibility of ICT equipment and user-friendly interfaces, digital literacy or improved confidence and support for ICT use. Some important concerns are â€Å"design for all† of ICT equipment; human mediation and support for e-services; intuitive use of affordable value-added e-content and services accessible; and efficient solutions for threats to privacy, security and harmful content threats. Quality of life and environment ICT have a direct impact on the environment but also indirect social and economic consequences as a result of its application. ICT positive impact on the environment includes environmental modelling (forecasting), the miniaturisation of devices (which reduces the resources needed for manufacture and distribution), micro/nano technology and embedded systems which improve disaster management, and reduce the environmental impact of farming and fishing. ICT also enables a less resource-intensive production, thereby reducing the environmental impact of economic activities. e-Work contributes to environmental sustainability as travelling to work is reduced. Innovative transport planning systems can ease traffic congestion and optimise transport capacity. ICT can also contribute to quality of life by delivering more efficient and more effective public services and goods to individuals which in turn can improve their life chances. ICT support for comprehensive life-long learning policies (through e-learning, digital competence actions) can enable all individuals to adapt and keep the pace with the continuous social, economic and technological changes. Climate and energy policy The combined climate and energy policy is central at the EU’s political programme. Its aism are to bring about alternative ways of running our daily lives so that Europe can continue to create growth and jobs while leading the global effort to tackle climate change and energy efficiency. Europe faces three main challenges in this field tackling climate change, guaranteeing secure, sustainable and competitive energy, and making the European economy a model for sustainable development in the 21st century[7]. The resolve of the European Council[8] to transform Europe into a low-carbon, high energy efficiency economy means that the continued growth of the European economy, essential to achieve full employment and inclusion, needs to be decoupled from energy consumption. The current trends are unsustainable. Indeed, if nothing were to change, final energy consumption in the EU is predicted to increase up to 25% by 2012, with a substantial rise in greenhouse gas emissions. ICTs have an important role to play in reducing the energy intensity and increasing the energy efficiency of the economy, in other words, in reducing emissions and contributing to sustainable growth. In addition to that, ICTs will not only improve energy efficiency and combat climate change but will also stimulate the development of a large leading-edge market for ICT enabled energy-efficiency technologies that can foster the competitiveness of European industry and create new business opportunities.

Gender Roles In Star Trek Next Generation Essay -- essays research pap

In 1966 a series called "Star Trek" was created. It's creator, Gene Roddenberry, did not create the show to be a science fiction series. The series was much deeper than that. It wasn't just about discovering new planets and civilizations. It was about controversial issues. Even though the series' take place in the 23rd and 24th century the issues struck with the times and related current issues. Through each series, The Original, Next Generation, Deep Space Nine and Voyager, there has been progression with the times and the issues. The issues that surround the episodes of Star Trek include race, religion, sexuality, the depiction of science and gender roles. The central focus being talked about in this paper will be gender roles. Gender roles in Star Trek deal with leadership and sexuality. Men and women have had different roles in Star Trek as well as different progressions. Men in Star Trek have always had a leadership role. In the original series the four main characters are men. The captain, Kirk, the second in command, Spock, the doctor, Bones or McCoy, and the head engineering officer Scotty are all men. In the Next Generation series there is Captain Picard, the second in command, Riker, and there are others engineering roles played by Warf and Data who are all men. In the Deep Space Nine series Captain Sisko and the head engineer is male. In Voyager the second in command, Chakotay, as well as Tuvok, a Vulcan Spock like character, and Neelix, the cook are all men. Women in Star Trek have made a real progression, at least more then Men have. When men are already at the top having leadership roles there's no place to go but down. This isn't necessarily there work performance or merit is going down but the women's performance, merit and acceptance going up. The women of Star Trek started at the bottom and could only go up. The original series did have one woman in a starring role. Uhura was the head communication officer, however her role was really more of a secretary and didn't really have many lines and if she did they weren't very lengthy, nothing much more than, "Yes captain." In the Next Generation series the women started to move farther up the leadership ladder. The women starring roles were Beverly Crusher, the doctor, and Diana Troy, the counselor. In Deep Space Nin... ...s. Women usually aren't as forward and her forwardness gives the essence of a male fantasy, the female making the moves on the male. Males and females are almost in pursuit of a mate, however males are usually the gender that make the first move. When the female shows immediate and obvious signs of interest, males in general think of it as something with no real challenge and therefore no real commitment. This presents a good time for the crowd of men in 10 Forward. Sexuality plays a big part in gender roles. In Star Trek Next Generation one of biggest issues is gender roles. Sexuality has played a little role in Star Trek. It showed a woman who's only purpose in life was for procreation. Although her actions were abnormal for a woman, it is the only real purpose of both genders. Survival is the goal of both genders and that is done through procreation. Also, men have always had leadership roles in Star Trek since the beginning of the series. Women, however have had to work there way up the leadership ladder. Their roles have been equal to the times or slightly pushing forward a bit, which has been the most important part of gender roles in Star Trek.

Developmental Stage Theories Essay

Developmental psychology is the scientific study of changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life span. Originally concerned with infantsand children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire life span. This field examines change across a broad range of topics including motor skills and other psycho-physiological processes; cognitive development involving areas such as problem solving, moral understanding, and conceptual understanding; language acquisition; social, personality, and emotional development; and self-concept and identity formation. Developmental psychology includes issues such as the extent to which development occurs through the gradual accumulation of knowledge versus stage-like development, or the extent to which children are born with innate mental structures, versus learning through experience. Many researchers are interested in the interaction between personal characteristics, the individual’s behavior, and environmental factors including social context, and their impact on development; others take a more narrowly-focused approach. Developmental psychology informs several applied fields, including: educational psychology, child psychopathology, and forensic developmental psychology. Developmental psychology complements several other basic research fields in psychology including social psychology, cognitive psychology, ecological psychology, and comparative psychology. Theories Attachment theory Attachment theory, theoretical frame work originally developed by John Bowlby, focuses on open, intimate, emotionally meaningful relationships. Attachment is described as a biological system or powerful survival impulse that evolved to ensure the survival of the infant. A child who is threatened or stressed will move toward caregivers who create a sense of physical, emotional and psychological safety for the individual. Attachment feeds on body contact and familiarity. Later Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation protocol and the concept of the secure base. There are three types of attachment styles: secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant. Secure attachment is a healthy attachment between the infant and the caregiver. It is characterized by trust. Anxious-avoidant is an insecure attachment between an infant and a caregiver. This is characterized by the infant’s indifference toward the caregiver. Anxious-resistant is an insecure attachment between the infant and the caregiver characterized by distress from the infant when separated and anger when reunited. [1] A child can be hindered in its natural tendency to form attachments. Some babies are raised without the stimulation and attention of a regular caregiver, or locked away under conditions of abuse or extreme neglect. The possible short-term effects of this deprivation are anger, despair, detachment, and temporary delay in intellectual development. Long-term effects include increased aggression, clinging behavior, detachment, psychosomatic disorders, and an increased risk of depression as an adult. [2][3] Constructivism Constructivism is a paradigm in psychology that characterizes learning as a process of actively constructing knowledge. Individuals create meaning for themselves or make sense of new information by selecting, organizing, and integrating information with other knowledge, often in the content of social interactions. There are two ways in which constructivism can occur: individual and social. Individual constructivism is when a person constructs knowledge through cognitive processes of their own experiences rather than by memorizing facts provided by others. Social constructivism is when individuals construct knowledge through an interaction between the knowledge they bring to a situation and social or cultural exchanges within that content. [4] Ecological systems theory The Ecological systems theory, originally formulated by Urie Bronfenbrenner specifies four types of nested environmental systems, with bi-directional influences within and between the systems. The four systems are microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. Each system contains roles, norms and rules that can powerfully shape development. The microsystem is the immediate environment surrounding and influencing the individual (example: school or the home setting). The mesosystem is the combination of two microsystems and how they influence each other (example: sibling relationships at home vs. peer relationships at school). The exosystem is the interaction among two or more settings that are indirectly linked (example: a father’s job requiring more overtime ends up influencing his aughter’s performance in school because he can no longer help with her homework). The macrosystem is broader taking into account social economic status, culture, beliefs, customs and morals (example: a child from a wealthier family sees a peer from a less wealthy family as inferior for that reason). Lastly, the chronosystem refers to the chronological nature of life events and how they interact and change the individual and their circumstances through transition (example: a mother losing her own mother to illness and no longer having that support in her life). Since its publication in 1979, Bronfenbrenner’s major statement of this theory, The Ecology of Human Development[5] has had widespread influence on the way psychologists and others approach the study of human beings and their environments. As a result of this conceptualization of development, these environments—from the family to economic and political structures—have come to be viewed as part of the life course from childhood through adulthood. [6] Psychosexual development Sigmund Freud believed that we all had a conscious, preconscious, and unconscious level. In the conscious we are aware of our mental process. The preconscious involves information that though we are not currently thinking about can be brought into consciousness. Lastly, the unconscious includes those mental processes which we are unaware of. He believed that the conscious and unconscious had tension because the conscious would try and hold back what the unconscious was trying to express. To explain this he developed three structures of personality; the id, ego, and superego. The id, being the most primitive of the three functioned according to the pleasure principle. The pleasure principle states that the id’s motivation is to seek pleasure and avoid pain. Based on this he proposed five universal stages of development. The first is the oral stage which occurs from birth to 12 months of age, second is the anal stage which occurs from one to three years of age, third is the phallic stage which occurs from three to five years of age (most of a person’s personality is formed by this age), the fourth is called latency which occurs from age five until puberty, and lastly stage five is the genital stage which takes place from puberty until adulthood. 7] Stages of moral development Theories of morality that stem from Jean Piaget’s cognitive-developmental viewpoint emphasize shifts in the type of reasoning that individuals use in making moral decisions. Changes in the content of the decision they reach or the actions they take as a result does not occur. [dubious – discuss] Lawrence Kohlberg expanded on this issue specifically during adolescence. He suggested three levels of moral reasoning; preconventional moral reasoning, conventional moral reasoning, and postconventional moral reasoning. Preconventional moral reasoning is typical of children and is characterized by reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments associated with different courses of action. Conventional moral reason occurs during late childhood and early adolescence and is characterized by reasoning that is based on the rules and conventions of society. Lastly, postconventional moral reasoning is the stage during which society’s rules and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as authoritative. [1] Stages of psychosocial development Erik Erikson became a child psychoanalyst like his mentor Anna Freud, Sigmond Freud’s daughter. He went on to reinterpret Freud’s psychosexual stages by incorporating the social aspects of it. He came up with eight stages, each of which has two crisis (a positive and a negative). Stage one is trust versus mistrust, which occurs during infancy. Stage two is autonomy versus shame and doubt which occurs during early childhood. Stage three is initiative versus guilt which occurs during play age. Stage four is industry versus inferiority which occurs during school age. Stage five is identity versus identity diffusion which occurs during adolescence. Stage six is intimacy versus isolation which occurs during young adulthood. Stage seven is generativity versus self-absorption which occurs during adulthood. Lastly, stage eight is integrity versus despair which occurs during old age. In each of these stages either one or the other crisis is developed. The ideal thing would be to have the positive crisis more developed than the negative crisis. [7] Theories of cognitive development Jean Piaget was a Swiss theorist who posited that children learn by actively constructing knowledge through hands-on experience. [8] He suggested that the adult’s role in helping the child learn was to provide appropriate materials or the child to interact and construct. He would use Socratic questioning to get the children to reflect on what they were doing. He would try to get them to see contradictions in their explanations. He also developed stages of development. His approach can be seen in how the curriculum is sequenced in schools, and in the pedagogy of preschool centers across the United States. Piaget believed that intellectual development took place through a series of stages which caused him to come up with his Theory on Cognitive Development. Each stage consisted of steps which the child had to master before moving on to the next step. He believe that these stages where not separate from one another but rather each stage built on the previous one, hence learning was continuous. His theory consisted of four stages; sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Though he did not believe these stages occurred at any given age, many studies have determine when these cognitive abilities should take place. [4] Zone of proximal development Lev Vygotsky was a Russian theorist from the Soviet era, who posited that children learn through hands-on experience and social interactions with members of his/her culture. 9] Unlike Piaget, he claimed that timely and sensitive intervention by adults when a child is on the edge of learning a new task (called the â€Å"zone of proximal development†) could help children learn new tasks. Martin Hill stated that â€Å"The world of reality does not apply to the mind of a child. † This technique is called â€Å"scaffolding,† because it builds upon knowledge children already have with new knowledge that adults can help the child learn. [10] Vygotsky was strongly focused on the role of culture in determining the child’s pattern of development, arguing that development moves from the social level to the individual level. 10] In other words, Vygotsky claimed that psychology should focus on the progress of human consciousness through the relationship of an individual and their environment. [11]He felt that if scholars continued to disregard this connection, then this disregard would inhibit the full comprehension of the human consciousness Nature/nurture A significant issue in developmental psychology is the relationship between innateness and environmental influence in regard to any particular aspect of development. This is often referred to as â€Å"nature versus nurture† or nativism versus empiricism. A nativist account of development would argue that the processes in question are innate, that is, they are specified by the organism’s genes. An empiricist perspective would argue that those processes are acquired in interaction with the environment. Today developmental psychologists rarely take such polarised positions with regard to most aspects of development; rather they investigate, among many other things, the relationship between innate and environmental influences. One of the ways in which this relationship has been explored in recent years is through the emerging field of evolutionary developmental psychology. One area where this innateness debate has been prominently portrayed is in research on language acquisition. A major question in this area is whether or not certain properties of human language are specified genetically or can be acquired through learning. The empiricist position on the issue of language acquisition suggests that the language input provides the necessary information required for learning the structure of language and that infants acquire language through a process of statistical learning. From this perspective, language can be acquired via general learning methods that also apply to other aspects of development, such as perceptual learning. The nativist position argues that the input from language is too impoverished for infants and children to acquire the structure of language. Linguist Noam Chomsky asserts that, evidenced by the lack of sufficient information in the language input, there is a universal grammar that applies to all human languages and is pre-specified. This has led to the idea that there is a special cognitivemodule suited for learning language, often called the language acquisition device. Chomsky’s critique of the behaviorist model of language acquisition is regarded by many as a key turning point in the decline in the prominence of the theory of behaviorism generally. [12] But Skinner’s conception of â€Å"Verbal Behavior† has not died, perhaps in part because it has generated successful practical applications. [12] Mechanisms of development Developmental psychology is concerned not only with describing the characteristics of psychological change over time, but also seeks to explain the principles and internal workings underlying these changes. Psychologists have attempted to better understand these factors by using models. Developmental models are sometimes computational, but they do not need to be. A model must simply account for the means by which a process takes place. This is sometimes done in reference to changes in the brain that may correspond to changes in behavior over the course of the development. Computational accounts of development often use either symbolic, connectionist (neural network), or dynamical systems models to explain the mechanisms of development. Research areas Cognitive development Cognitive development is primarily concerned with the ways in which infants and children acquire, develop, and use internal mental capabilities such as problem solving, memory, and language. Major topics in cognitive development are the study of language acquisition and the development of perceptual and motor skills. Piaget was one of the influential early psychologists to study the development of cognitive abilities. His theory suggests that development proceeds through a set of stages from infancy to adulthood and that there is an end point or goal. Other accounts, such as that of Lev Vygotsky, have suggested that development does not progress through stages, but rather that the developmental process that begins at birth and continues until death is too complex for such structure and finality. Rather, from this viewpoint, developmental processes proceed more continuously, thus development should be analyzed, instead of treated as a product to be obtained. K. Warner Schaie has expanded the study of cognitive development into adulthood. Rather than being stable from adolescence, Schaie sees adults as progressing in the application of their cognitive abilities. 13] Modern cognitive development has integrated the considerations of cognitive psychology and the psychology of individual differences into the interpretation and modeling of development. [14]Specifically, the neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development showed that the successive levels or stages of cognitive development are associated with increasing processing efficiency andworking memory capacity. In addition, children in higher-levels of cognitive development have been observed to have greater mathematical fluency in basic addition and subtraction problems. 15] These increases explain differences between stages, progression to higher stages, and individual differences of children who are the same-age and of the same grade-level. However, other theories have moved away from Piagetian stage theories, and are influenced by accounts of domain-specific information processing, which posit that development is guided by innate evolutionarily-specified and content-specific information processing mechanisms. Social and emotional development Developmental psychologists who are interested in social development examine how individuals develop social and emotional competencies. For example, they study how children form friendships, how they understand and deal with emotions, and how identity develops. Research in this area may involve study of the relationship between cognition or cognitive development and social behavior. Erik Erikson believed we undergo several stages to achieve social and emotional development. These stages were called the Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development. The stages were trust vs. mistrust, attachment, parenting style, ego identity, role diffusion, generativity versus stagnation, midlife crisis, and ego integrity versus despair. Emotional regulation or ER refers to an individual’s ability to modulate emotional responses across a variety of contexts. In young children, this modulation is in part controlled externally, by parents and other authority figures. As children develop, they take on more and more responsibility for their internal state. Studies have shown that the development of ER is affected by the emotional regulation children observe in parents and caretakers, the emotional climate in the home, and the reaction of parents and caretakers to the child’s emotions. [16] Physical development Physical development concerns the physical maturation of an individual’s body until it reaches the adult stature. Although physical growth is a highly regular process, all children differ tremendously in the timing of their growth spurts. [17] Studies are being done to analyze how the differences in these timings affect and are related to other variables of developmental psychology such as information processing speed. Traditional measures of physical maturity using x-rays are less in practice nowadays, compared to simple measurements of body parts such as height, weight, head circumference, and arm span. 17] A few other studies and practices with physical developmental psychology are the phonological abilities of mature 5- to 11-year-olds, and the controversial hypotheses of left-handers being maturationally delayed compared to right-handers. A study by Eaton, Chipperfield, Ritchot, and Kostiuk in 1996 found in three different samples that there was no difference between right- and left-handers. [17] Memory development Researchers interested in memory development look at the way our memory develops from childhood and onward. According to Fuzzy-trace theory, we have two separate memory processes: verbatim and gist. These two traces begin to develop at different times as well as at a different pace. Children as young as 4 years-old have verbatim memory, memory for surface information, which increases up to early adulthood, at which point it begins to decline. On the other hand, our capacity for gist memory, memory for semantic information, increases up to early adulthood, at which point it consistent through old age. Furthermore, our reliance on gist memory traces in reasoning increases as we age.